Monosaccharide

Definition

A monosaccharide is the simplest form of carbohydrate consisting of a single sugar molecule, such as glucose or fructose. They are fundamental building blocks for more complex carbohydrates.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Monosaccharides have the general formula (CH2O)n where n is typically between 3 and 7.
2. They can exist in linear or ring structures, with the ring form being more common in aqueous solutions.
3. Glucose, a common monosaccharide, is a primary energy source for cells in many organisms.
4. Monosaccharides can be classified based on the number of carbon atoms they contain: triose (3 carbons), tetrose (4 carbons), pentose (5 carbons), hexose (6 carbons).
5. In microbiology, monosaccharides play a key role in metabolic pathways such as glycolysis.

Review Questions

• What is the general chemical formula for a monosaccharide?
• Name two common forms in which monosaccharides can exist.
• Explain why glucose is important to cellular function.

Related terms

Polysaccharide: A complex carbohydrate composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together.

Glycolysis:

A metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate, releasing energy and forming ATP.

Disaccharide: A carbohydrate formed by the combination of two monosaccharide molecules.