Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes to the underlying DNA sequence. These modifications can affect how cells read genes and are influenced by environmental factors.
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Epigenetic changes can be caused by mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modification, and non-coding RNA molecules.
These changes can be reversible and sometimes passed down through generations without altering the DNA sequence itself.
Epigenetics plays a crucial role in cellular differentiation, allowing cells with the same DNA to develop into different types.
Environmental factors like diet, stress, and exposure to toxins can influence epigenetic modifications.
Epigenetic dysregulation is linked to various diseases including cancer, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases.
Review Questions
What are the main mechanisms that cause epigenetic changes?
How do epigenetic modifications differ from genetic mutations?
Why are epigenetic changes important for cellular differentiation?
Related terms
DNA Methylation: The addition of a methyl group to DNA, usually at cytosine bases, which can repress gene transcription.
Histone Modification: The process by which chemical groups are added to or removed from histone proteins, affecting chromatin structure and gene expression.
Non-Coding RNA: RNA molecules that are not translated into proteins but have roles in regulating gene expression at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.