Enteric Nervous System

Definition

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the intrinsic nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract, responsible for regulating the function of the digestive organs. It is often referred to as the 'second brain' due to its complex network of neurons and ability to operate independently of the central nervous system.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The enteric nervous system contains approximately 100 million neurons, more than the spinal cord, and can function independently of the central nervous system.
2. The ENS is responsible for controlling the motility, secretion, and blood flow of the digestive organs, as well as the detection of nutrients, distension, and chemical stimuli.
3. The two main divisions of the ENS are the myenteric plexus, which controls gastrointestinal motility, and the submucosal plexus, which regulates secretion and absorption.
4. The ENS is capable of independent reflexes and can coordinate complex behaviors, such as peristalsis, without input from the central nervous system.
5. Disruptions in the enteric nervous system have been linked to various gastrointestinal disorders, including irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, and gastroparesis.

Review Questions

• Describe the anatomical location and primary functions of the enteric nervous system within the digestive system.
  • The enteric nervous system (ENS) is located within the walls of the gastrointestinal tract, from the esophagus to the rectum. It is responsible for regulating the motility, secretion, and blood flow of the digestive organs, as well as detecting various stimuli such as nutrients, distension, and chemical changes. The ENS is often referred to as the 'second brain' due to its complex network of neurons and ability to function independently of the central nervous system.
• Explain the role of the myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus in the overall functioning of the enteric nervous system.
  • The enteric nervous system is composed of two main divisions: the myenteric plexus and the submucosal plexus. The myenteric plexus, also known as Auerbach's plexus, is located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gastrointestinal tract and is primarily responsible for controlling the motility and peristalsis of the digestive organs. The submucosal plexus, or Meissner's plexus, is situated in the submucosa and regulates the secretion of digestive enzymes, hormones, and fluids, as well as the absorption of nutrients. The coordinated actions of these two plexuses allow the enteric nervous system to independently regulate the various functions of the digestive system.
• Discuss the clinical significance of the enteric nervous system and how disruptions in its function can contribute to the development of various gastrointestinal disorders.
  • The enteric nervous system plays a crucial role in maintaining the proper functioning of the digestive system. Disruptions in the ENS have been linked to the development of various gastrointestinal disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, Crohn's disease, and gastroparesis. These conditions can arise from factors like inflammation, infection, or genetic predisposition, which can impair the ENS's ability to regulate motility, secretion, and absorption within the digestive tract. Understanding the role of the ENS in maintaining gastrointestinal homeostasis is essential for the diagnosis and management of these complex disorders, as targeted therapies aimed at restoring ENS function may provide effective treatment options for patients.

Related terms

Autonomic Nervous System:

The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary bodily functions, including the regulation of the heart, blood vessels, and digestive system. The enteric nervous system is considered a division of the autonomic nervous system.

Myenteric Plexus: Also known as the Auerbach's plexus, the myenteric plexus is a network of neurons located between the longitudinal and circular muscle layers of the gastrointestinal tract, which controls the motility of the digestive organs.

Submucosal Plexus: The submucosal plexus, or Meissner's plexus, is a network of neurons located in the submucosa of the gastrointestinal tract, which regulates secretion, blood flow, and absorption in the digestive system.