DNA polymerase

Definition

DNA polymerase is an enzyme that synthesizes new strands of DNA using a template strand during DNA replication. It plays a critical role in copying the genetic material accurately and efficiently.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the 3' end of a growing DNA strand, ensuring the formation of phosphodiester bonds.
2. There are different types of DNA polymerases with specific functions, such as DNA polymerase I, II, and III in prokaryotes.
3. DNA polymerase has proofreading activity that helps correct errors during DNA replication by removing incorrectly paired nucleotides.
4. In eukaryotic cells, multiple DNA polymerases like alpha, delta, and epsilon are involved in various stages of DNA replication.
5. Mutations in genes encoding DNA polymerases can lead to genetic disorders and increased susceptibility to certain cancers.

Review Questions

• What is the primary function of DNA polymerase during DNA replication?
• How does DNA polymerase contribute to the accuracy of DNA replication?
• Name one type of DNA polymerase found in prokaryotes and describe its function.

Related terms

Helicase:

An enzyme that unwinds the double-stranded DNA helix ahead of the replication fork.

Primase:

An enzyme that synthesizes short RNA primers required for initiating DNA synthesis by DNA polymerase.

Ligase:

An enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand during DNA replication by forming phosphodiester bonds.