Ramesses II

Definition

Ramesses II, also known as Ramesses the Great, was the third pharaoh of the Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt, reigning from 1279 to 1213 BCE. He is often regarded as one of Egypt's most powerful and celebrated rulers, known for his military exploits, monumental architecture, and the significant impact he had on Egyptian culture and history. His reign marked a high point in ancient Egyptian civilization, and he is famously associated with the construction of vast temples, including the iconic Abu Simbel.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Ramesses II is often celebrated for signing one of the earliest known peace treaties with the Hittites after the Battle of Kadesh, establishing a long-lasting alliance between their two empires.
2. He had an extensive family, boasting over 100 children with various wives and concubines, which helped solidify alliances and reinforce his royal lineage.
3. Ramesses II's reign lasted an impressive 66 years, making him one of the longest-reigning pharaohs in Egyptian history.
4. His legacy includes more than 50 monumental structures, such as temples and statues, which reflect his achievements and devotion to the gods.
5. The famous temples at Abu Simbel were relocated in the 1960s to avoid flooding from the Aswan Dam, demonstrating the enduring significance of Ramesses II’s architectural contributions.

Review Questions

• How did Ramesses II’s military campaigns shape his legacy and impact Egypt's relations with neighboring empires?
  • Ramesses II's military campaigns, particularly the Battle of Kadesh against the Hittites, played a crucial role in establishing his legacy as a great warrior pharaoh. While the battle itself ended in a stalemate, it was used as a propaganda tool to showcase his strength and leadership. The subsequent peace treaty with the Hittites was significant in changing Egypt's diplomatic relations, fostering stability and trade in the region for years to come.
• Discuss how Ramesses II’s architectural achievements reflect his power and influence during his reign.
  • The architectural achievements of Ramesses II are a direct reflection of his power and influence as a ruler. Monuments like Abu Simbel exemplify not only his devotion to the gods but also serve as political statements designed to intimidate enemies and inspire loyalty among subjects. These massive structures were strategically placed to showcase his greatness and reinforce the divine right of kingship, emphasizing that he was favored by the gods.
• Evaluate the long-term effects of Ramesses II’s reign on Egyptian civilization and how they contributed to its historical narrative.
  • Ramesses II's long reign had profound long-term effects on Egyptian civilization, including cultural developments that continued long after his death. His military successes and monumental constructions solidified Egypt's status as a dominant power in the ancient world. The peace treaty with the Hittites initiated a period of relative stability that allowed for economic prosperity and cultural exchange. Additionally, his image and accomplishments became central to Egyptian identity, influencing future generations' perceptions of kingship and divine rule within their historical narrative.

Related terms

Abu Simbel: A pair of massive rock temples in southern Egypt built by Ramesses II, showcasing his power and devotion to the gods, particularly the sun god Ra.

Battle of Kadesh: A significant military confrontation between Ramesses II and the Hittite Empire that took place around 1274 BCE, marking one of the largest chariot battles in history.

Hatshepsut: One of the few female pharaohs of Egypt, who ruled before Ramesses II and is known for her prosperous reign and impressive building projects, including her mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahari.