American Enlightenment

Definition

The American Enlightenment was an intellectual movement in the 18th century that emphasized reason, scientific inquiry, and individual rights, drawing inspiration from European Enlightenment thinkers. This period fostered a spirit of inquiry and skepticism towards traditional authority, particularly in the realms of politics and religion. It significantly influenced the formation of American political philosophy and the emergence of revolutionary ideas that laid the groundwork for independence and democracy.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The American Enlightenment took place in the context of growing dissatisfaction with British rule, contributing to revolutionary sentiments among colonists.
2. Prominent figures such as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson were instrumental in promoting Enlightenment ideals through their writings and political actions.
3. The movement encouraged a focus on education and literacy, leading to the establishment of libraries, universities, and scientific societies.
4. Enlightenment principles are embedded in foundational American documents, including the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution.
5. The emphasis on individual rights during this period laid the groundwork for subsequent movements advocating for social justice and civil rights.

Review Questions

• How did the American Enlightenment influence political thought in early America?
  • The American Enlightenment profoundly shaped political thought by emphasizing reason, individual rights, and skepticism towards authority. Thinkers like Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson advocated for democratic principles and the idea of a government based on consent of the governed. This intellectual foundation led to a rejection of monarchical rule and inspired revolutionary ideas that culminated in the fight for independence.
• In what ways did Enlightenment ideals manifest in key documents of early American governance?
  • Enlightenment ideals are clearly reflected in key documents such as the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. The Declaration articulates the belief in unalienable rights—life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness—drawing from Enlightenment concepts about individual rights. Meanwhile, the Constitution's framework promotes reasoned governance, separation of powers, and checks and balances, ensuring that no single entity holds absolute authority.
• Critically evaluate how the American Enlightenment set the stage for future social movements in America.
  • The American Enlightenment established core principles such as individual liberty and equality, which later served as a foundation for various social movements. For instance, the abolitionist movement drew upon Enlightenment concepts to argue against slavery, while women's suffrage advocates used these ideas to promote gender equality. The philosophical shift initiated during this period has continued to influence American society by inspiring ongoing struggles for civil rights and social justice well into modern times.

Related terms

Deism: A philosophical belief that posits a rational understanding of God based on reason and observation of the natural world, rather than on religious doctrine or revelation.

Social Contract Theory: A political theory suggesting that individuals consent, either explicitly or implicitly, to form a society and accept certain moral and political obligations in exchange for protection and social order.

Rationalism:

An epistemological approach that emphasizes reason as the primary source of knowledge, challenging reliance on tradition and sensory experience.