key term - Descriptive Theory of Reference

Definition

The descriptive theory of reference is a view that holds that the meaning of a name or term is determined by the descriptions or properties that are associated with it. This theory suggests that a term refers to an object in the world based on the descriptive content we attach to it, which helps us understand how language relates to the entities it denotes. This theory contrasts with other approaches, particularly the causal-historical theory, which emphasizes the historical and social factors that connect terms to their referents.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The descriptive theory implies that if the associated descriptions do not apply to an entity, then the reference may fail, leading to misunderstandings.
2. This theory has been notably defended by philosophers like Frege and Russell, who argued that our understanding of names relies heavily on their descriptive content.
3. Critics of the descriptive theory argue that it cannot adequately account for cases where names refer without sufficient descriptive content, such as proper names like 'Einstein'.
4. The theory faces challenges from examples where speakers use names with very different associations than intended, raising questions about reference stability.
5. In discussions of meaning, the descriptive theory emphasizes the cognitive significance of names and how our beliefs about them shape their reference.

Review Questions

• How does the descriptive theory of reference explain the relationship between language and meaning?
  • The descriptive theory explains that language and meaning are closely linked through the descriptions associated with terms. When we use a name, we rely on certain properties or attributes to understand what or who we are referring to. This means that our comprehension of language depends on the descriptive content we connect to each term, making it vital for effective communication. This connection helps clarify how individuals conceptualize entities in the world based on their descriptions.
• What are some limitations of the descriptive theory of reference compared to the causal-historical approach?
  • One limitation of the descriptive theory is that it struggles to account for instances where names refer without adequate descriptive content, as seen in proper names like 'Aristotle', which may lack universally accepted descriptions. The causal-historical approach counters this by suggesting that names maintain reference through historical connections and social practices instead of descriptions. This means that even if no clear descriptions exist, names can still refer effectively due to established usage and interactions over time.
• Evaluate how the descriptive theory of reference contributes to our understanding of linguistic meaning in contrast to other theories.
  • The descriptive theory significantly enhances our understanding of linguistic meaning by emphasizing how our cognitive associations shape our references. By focusing on descriptions attached to terms, it offers insights into why speakers might miscommunicate when those descriptions are unclear or contested. However, compared to causal-historical theories, which account for the practical use and social dynamics surrounding names, the descriptive approach may overlook these crucial aspects. Analyzing both perspectives allows us to appreciate the complex nature of reference and meaning in language more thoroughly.

Related terms

Causal-Historical Theory: A theory proposing that names refer to objects based on a causal chain of communication rather than through associated descriptions.

Referent:

The actual entity or object in the world that a linguistic expression refers to.

Definite Descriptions:

Phrases that specify a particular individual by using a definite article, often used to illustrate how descriptive reference operates.