key term - Cicero

Definition

Cicero was a Roman statesman, orator, and writer who lived from 106 to 43 BCE, and he is often regarded as one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists. His works reflect the political and social issues of his time and laid the groundwork for the development of Latin literature. Cicero's contributions extend to philosophy, particularly in the realm of humanism, where he emphasized the importance of moral integrity and the pursuit of virtue.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Cicero served as consul in 63 BCE and is famous for his opposition to the conspiracy of Catiline, which aimed to overthrow the Roman government.
2. His writings include philosophical texts like 'De Republica' and 'De Officiis,' which explore justice, duty, and ethics.
3. Cicero's style influenced the Latin language significantly, establishing standards for prose that would be emulated for centuries.
4. He played a crucial role in the transition from the Roman Republic to the Roman Empire by defending republican ideals in a time of political turmoil.
5. Cicero's thoughts on natural law and morality laid the foundations for later developments in Western political philosophy and human rights.

Review Questions

• How did Cicero's role as a statesman influence his writings on morality and ethics?
  • Cicero's experiences as a statesman deeply influenced his views on morality and ethics. He believed that true justice could be achieved through virtuous conduct and that individuals have a moral duty to contribute to the common good. His political career shaped his writings, making them rich with practical insights into the moral responsibilities of leaders and citizens alike.
• Analyze how Cicero's works contributed to the development of Latin literature and oratory skills in ancient Rome.
  • Cicero's mastery of oratory established him as a model for public speaking in ancient Rome. His innovative use of rhetoric and eloquent prose set high standards for future generations. By combining philosophical themes with accessible language, Cicero expanded Latin literature's reach, making complex ideas understandable and engaging, thereby influencing both literary style and public discourse.
• Evaluate the impact of Cicero's philosophical ideas on later movements such as Renaissance humanism.
  • Cicero's philosophical ideas significantly impacted later movements like Renaissance humanism by emphasizing individual potential, moral integrity, and civic responsibility. His works were rediscovered during the Renaissance, inspiring thinkers who sought to reconcile classical thought with contemporary issues. The focus on human agency in Cicero’s writings contributed to the evolution of political thought and ethics in Europe, shaping concepts of human rights and governance that resonate even today.

Related terms

Oratory: The art of persuasive speaking or writing, which was highly valued in ancient Rome, especially in political contexts.

Humanism:

An intellectual movement during the Renaissance that focused on human potential and achievements, drawing inspiration from classical antiquity.

Senate:

The governing body of ancient Rome, composed of Rome's elite, where Cicero served as a consul and was actively involved in politics.