Divergence

Definition

Divergence refers to the process where two tectonic plates move away from each other, leading to the formation of new crust as magma rises to the surface. This movement typically occurs along mid-ocean ridges, resulting in seafloor spreading and contributing to the overall dynamics of plate tectonics. Divergent boundaries are characterized by volcanic activity and earthquakes, highlighting their significance in shaping the Earth's geological features.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Divergence primarily occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where tectonic plates are separating and allowing magma to rise and solidify, forming new oceanic crust.
2. The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is one of the most well-known divergent boundaries, marking the division between the Eurasian and North American plates on one side and the South American plate on the other.
3. As plates diverge, they can cause shallow-focus earthquakes due to the fracturing of rocks as they move apart.
4. Divergent boundaries can also create rift valleys on continents, such as the East African Rift, where land is being pulled apart.
5. The process of divergence plays a crucial role in the rock cycle, contributing to the recycling of materials as old crust is subducted back into the mantle at convergent boundaries.

Review Questions

• What geological features are commonly associated with divergent boundaries and how do they impact the surrounding environment?
  • Geological features associated with divergent boundaries include mid-ocean ridges and rift valleys. As tectonic plates separate, magma rises to form new oceanic crust at mid-ocean ridges, creating underwater mountain ranges. This volcanic activity can impact marine ecosystems and contribute to geological hazards such as earthquakes in surrounding areas.
• Discuss how seafloor spreading at divergent boundaries contributes to plate tectonics and continental drift.
  • Seafloor spreading is a direct result of divergence at mid-ocean ridges, where tectonic plates pull apart and create new oceanic crust. As new crust forms, it pushes older crust away from the ridge, contributing to plate tectonics by moving continents further apart over geological time. This process is vital for understanding continental drift, as it highlights the dynamic nature of Earth's surface.
• Evaluate the long-term effects of divergence on Earth's geological features and processes over millions of years.
  • Over millions of years, divergence significantly reshapes Earth's geological features by continuously creating new oceanic crust and altering continental configurations. The constant formation of mid-ocean ridges leads to a more extensive ocean floor while contributing to the rock cycle through subduction at convergent boundaries. Additionally, divergence fosters unique ecosystems around hydrothermal vents and rift valleys, influencing biodiversity and geological processes globally.

Related terms

Mid-Ocean Ridge: An underwater mountain range formed by plate tectonics, where divergence occurs and new oceanic crust is created.

Seafloor Spreading:

The process by which new oceanic crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and pushes older crust away from the ridge.

Plate Tectonics:

The scientific theory explaining the movement of the Earth's lithosphere, consisting of several large and small plates that interact at their boundaries.