DNA

Definition

DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid, is a molecule that carries the genetic instructions for the development, functioning, growth, and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. It plays a crucial role in the storage of genetic information and is essential for the synthesis of proteins, which are vital biomolecules for life.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. DNA is composed of two strands that coil around each other to form a double helix structure, held together by base pairs formed between adenine-thymine and guanine-cytosine.
2. The sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the genetic code that is translated into proteins, which perform various functions in the body.
3. DNA replication is the process by which DNA makes a copy of itself before cell division, ensuring that each new cell receives an identical set of genetic instructions.
4. Mutations in DNA can lead to changes in proteins and may result in various genetic disorders or diseases, highlighting the importance of DNA integrity.
5. In addition to its role in genetics, DNA can be used in biotechnology applications such as genetic engineering, forensic analysis, and cloning.

Review Questions

• How does the structure of DNA contribute to its function in storing and transmitting genetic information?
  • The double helix structure of DNA allows it to store genetic information efficiently. The sequence of nitrogenous bases along the strands encodes instructions for building proteins. The complementary nature of the strands ensures accurate replication and transmission during cell division, preserving genetic information across generations.
• Discuss the significance of mutations in DNA and their potential impact on living organisms.
  • Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence that can affect the structure and function of proteins produced by genes. While some mutations may be harmless or even beneficial, others can lead to genetic disorders or diseases. Understanding these mutations is crucial for fields like medicine and genetics, as it helps identify potential treatments or preventive measures for various conditions.
• Evaluate the implications of using DNA technology in biotechnology and how it transforms our understanding of genetics.
  • The use of DNA technology has revolutionized biotechnology by enabling precise manipulation of genetic material. Techniques such as CRISPR allow scientists to edit genes, leading to advancements in medicine, agriculture, and forensic science. This capability not only enhances our understanding of gene function but also raises ethical questions about genetic engineering and its impact on society and ecosystems.

Related terms

Nucleotide: The basic building block of DNA, consisting of a phosphate group, a sugar molecule (deoxyribose), and a nitrogenous base.

Gene: A segment of DNA that contains the instructions for making a specific protein or set of proteins.

Chromosome: A structure made of DNA and protein that contains genetic information; humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes.