World-systems theory is a macrosociological perspective that analyzes the global economy as a complex, integrated system of core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral regions that are interdependent and hierarchical in nature. This theory provides a framework for understanding the development and dynamics of the modern global economy and its impact on nations, societies, and individuals.
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World-systems theory was developed by sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein in the 1970s as a critique of modernization theory and traditional development models.
The theory posits that the global economy is characterized by an unequal exchange of resources and labor, with core regions extracting surplus value from peripheral regions.
World-systems theory emphasizes the importance of historical analysis and the long-term evolution of the global capitalist system, dating back to the 16th century.
The theory argues that the development of core regions is directly linked to the underdevelopment of peripheral regions, creating a self-reinforcing cycle of inequality.
World-systems theory has been influential in understanding the dynamics of globalization, international trade, and the persistent disparities between the Global North and Global South.
Review Questions
Explain how world-systems theory differs from modernization theory in its approach to understanding global economic development.
World-systems theory rejects the linear, evolutionary model of modernization theory, which posits that all countries can achieve economic development by following the path of the industrialized West. Instead, world-systems theory views the global economy as a hierarchical system where core regions exploit and extract surplus value from peripheral regions, leading to the perpetuation of unequal development. This perspective emphasizes the historical roots of global inequality and the structural barriers that prevent peripheral countries from catching up to the core, in contrast to the modernization theory's assumption of convergence.
Analyze the role of semi-peripheral regions within the world-system and how they contribute to the maintenance of the global economic hierarchy.
According to world-systems theory, semi-peripheral regions occupy an intermediate position between the core and peripheral regions, serving as both exploiters and the exploited. These countries often have a diversified economy, engaging in both the production of high-value goods and the extraction of raw materials. Semi-peripheral regions play a crucial role in the world-system by providing a buffer between the core and peripheral regions, preventing the direct confrontation between the dominant and dominated countries. This helps to maintain the overall stability of the global economic hierarchy, as semi-peripheral countries can serve as intermediaries and absorb some of the tensions that would otherwise arise between the core and periphery.
Evaluate the long-term implications of world-systems theory for the future of the global economy and the potential for transformative change.
World-systems theory suggests that the inherent structural inequalities and power imbalances within the global capitalist system make it highly resistant to fundamental change. The theory posits that the core regions have a vested interest in preserving the existing world-system, as it allows them to maintain their dominant position and continue to extract surplus value from the peripheral regions. This raises questions about the feasibility of achieving equitable and sustainable development on a global scale, as the theory implies that the current system is self-perpetuating and that significant systemic transformations would be required to disrupt the entrenched power dynamics. The long-term implications of world-systems theory point to the need for radical, coordinated efforts by peripheral and semi-peripheral regions to challenge the hegemony of the core and work towards a more just and egalitarian global economic order.
Related terms
Core Regions: The dominant, industrialized countries that control the global economy and benefit the most from the unequal exchange of resources and labor.
Peripheral Regions: The less developed, resource-dependent countries that are exploited and marginalized within the global economic system.
Semi-Peripheral Regions: Countries that occupy an intermediate position between the core and peripheral regions, serving as both exploiters and the exploited within the world-system.