Kinetic Energy:Energy possessed by an object due to its motion, given by $KE = \frac{1}{2} mv^2$, where $m$ is mass and $v$ is velocity.
Potential Energy:Energy stored in an object due to its position or configuration. Gravitational potential energy near Earth's surface is given by $PE = mgh$, where $m$ is mass, $g$ is gravitational acceleration, and $h$ is height.
Moment of Inertia:A measure of an object's resistance to changes in its rotation rate. It depends on both mass distribution relative to the axis of rotation.