Potential difference is the work done to move a unit charge between two points in an electric field. It is measured in volts (V) and often referred to as voltage.
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Potential difference drives the flow of electrons in a circuit, creating electric current.
It can be calculated using Ohm’s Law: $V = IR$, where $V$ is potential difference, $I$ is current, and $R$ is resistance.
In a uniform electric field, potential difference can be expressed as $V = Ed$, where $E$ is the electric field strength and $d$ is the distance between two points.
Batteries provide a constant potential difference known as electromotive force (EMF), though terminal voltage may vary under load.
The unit of potential difference, the volt (V), is equivalent to one joule per coulomb ($1\text{ V} = 1\text{ J/C}$).
Review Questions
What is the relationship between potential difference, current, and resistance in Ohm's Law?
How does potential difference relate to the concept of electric potential energy?
Explain how a battery maintains a constant potential difference across its terminals.