Westward expansion refers to the 19th-century movement of settlers and immigrants into the western territories of the United States, fueled by the belief in Manifest Destiny, which was the idea that Americans were destined to expand across the continent. This movement significantly altered the social, economic, and political landscape of the nation as settlers sought new opportunities, land, and resources, leading to the establishment of new states and conflicts with Native American populations and other countries.
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Westward expansion was driven by various factors including economic opportunities, the search for land, and the belief in Manifest Destiny.
The Louisiana Purchase in 1803 doubled the size of the United States, facilitating further westward migration and exploration.
Conflicts with Native American tribes were common during westward expansion as settlers encroached on their lands, often leading to violent confrontations and forced removals.
The construction of railroads played a crucial role in facilitating westward expansion by making travel and transportation of goods easier and quicker.
By 1890, the U.S. Census declared that the American frontier was closed, marking a significant end point in this era of westward expansion.
Review Questions
How did the concept of Manifest Destiny influence westward expansion in the United States?
Manifest Destiny fueled westward expansion by promoting the belief that Americans were divinely ordained to spread their values and culture across the continent. This ideology encouraged settlers to move into new territories with the conviction that they were fulfilling a national mission. It also justified actions against Native Americans and other nations, as expansion was seen as an inevitable and positive development for the nation.
What were some major policies or events that facilitated westward expansion during the 19th century?
Key policies like the Homestead Act provided incentives for settlers to move west by offering them land at little cost. Events such as the California Gold Rush also played a significant role, drawing thousands of prospectors and settlers seeking fortune. The establishment of transportation routes like railroads further accelerated this movement by connecting eastern cities with western lands.
Evaluate the long-term consequences of westward expansion on Native American populations and U.S. society as a whole.
Westward expansion had profound and often devastating consequences for Native American populations, including loss of land, culture, and lives due to forced removals and violent conflicts. For U.S. society, it contributed to economic growth through resource extraction and agriculture but also led to deep-seated issues such as racial tensions and questions about national identity. The legacy of westward expansion continues to influence contemporary debates over land use, rights, and historical recognition.
The 19th-century doctrine that justified American expansion across the continent, promoting the belief that it was the nation's divine right and duty to spread democracy and civilization.
A historic route taken by thousands of settlers traveling westward in the mid-1800s, stretching from Missouri to the Oregon Territory, known for its challenging conditions and significant migration.