Darwinism

Definition

Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by Charles Darwin, which posits that species evolve over time through a process of natural selection. This theory emphasizes the idea that individuals with advantageous traits are more likely to survive and reproduce, thereby passing those traits to the next generation. The concept is foundational to understanding how species adapt and change in response to their environment, and it contrasts with earlier theories of evolution, such as those proposed by Lamarck.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Darwin's theory was first presented in his 1859 book 'On the Origin of Species,' where he outlined the principles of natural selection.
2. Darwinism fundamentally challenged the prevailing beliefs of creationism and the fixed nature of species at the time.
3. The theory explains the diversity of life on Earth as a result of gradual changes over long periods, rather than sudden events.
4. Darwin's observations during his voyage on the HMS Beagle, particularly in the Galápagos Islands, were crucial to his formulation of evolutionary theory.
5. Darwinism has evolved over time and has been integrated with modern genetics, leading to what is known as the Modern Synthesis in evolutionary biology.

Review Questions

• How does Darwinism differ from Lamarck's theory of evolution regarding the mechanism of change in species?
  • Darwinism differs significantly from Lamarck's theory in its explanation of how species evolve. While Lamarck proposed that organisms could pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring, Darwin argued that evolution occurs through natural selection, where only beneficial traits that enhance survival and reproduction are passed down. This fundamental distinction highlights the role of genetic inheritance in Darwin's model versus the environmental adaptability emphasized by Lamarck.
• Evaluate the impact of Darwinism on scientific thought during the 19th century and how it challenged existing beliefs about the origin of species.
  • The impact of Darwinism on scientific thought during the 19th century was profound, as it introduced a new framework for understanding biological diversity and adaptation. It challenged existing beliefs rooted in creationism and fixed species concepts by providing evidence that species were not immutable but evolved over time through natural processes. This shift not only transformed biology but also influenced various fields such as anthropology, sociology, and theology, prompting debates about humanity's place in nature and the mechanisms behind life's complexity.
• Analyze how Darwinism has influenced modern evolutionary biology and contributed to our understanding of genetics and speciation.
  • Darwinism has had a lasting influence on modern evolutionary biology by integrating principles of natural selection with advancements in genetics, leading to the Modern Synthesis. This framework explains how genetic variation within populations contributes to evolutionary changes over time. By understanding how traits are inherited and how environmental pressures shape these traits, scientists can better explain phenomena such as speciation—the process through which new species arise—and ultimately comprehend the intricate web of life on Earth as a dynamic result of evolutionary forces.

Related terms

Natural Selection: A key mechanism of evolution where organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

Lamarckism: An early theory of evolution proposed by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, which suggested that organisms could pass on traits acquired during their lifetime to their offspring.

Speciation: The evolutionary process by which populations evolve to become distinct species, often driven by factors such as natural selection and geographic isolation.