Hatshepsut

Definition

Hatshepsut was the fifth pharaoh of the Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt, reigning from around 1479 to 1458 BCE. She is one of the most notable female rulers in ancient history, recognized for her significant contributions to architecture, trade, and the arts, especially through her monumental mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahari. Her reign marked a period of peace and prosperity, where she expanded trade networks and undertook ambitious building projects.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Hatshepsut often depicted herself in male attire and used traditional male titles to assert her authority as pharaoh.
2. Her reign is noted for the successful trade expedition to Punt, which brought back valuable goods such as gold, ivory, and exotic animals.
3. Hatshepsut's mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahari is considered one of the architectural masterpieces of ancient Egypt, harmoniously integrated into the cliffs surrounding it.
4. Despite her successful rule, Hatshepsut's legacy faced erasure after her death, with later rulers attempting to remove her name from history.
5. She was one of the first women to assume the title of pharaoh and ruled effectively in a male-dominated society, paving the way for future female leaders.

Review Questions

• How did Hatshepsut challenge gender norms during her reign as a pharaoh?
  • Hatshepsut challenged gender norms by adopting male attire and titles traditionally associated with pharaohs, asserting her authority in a male-dominated society. By portraying herself as a king rather than merely a queen, she effectively legitimized her rule. Her successful governance and major building projects, such as her mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahari, demonstrated that women could wield power and lead effectively.
• Discuss the significance of Hatshepsut's trade expeditions during the New Kingdom.
  • Hatshepsut's trade expeditions, particularly the famous journey to Punt, were significant for enhancing Egypt's economy and influence during the New Kingdom. These expeditions brought back valuable goods like gold, ivory, and incense, which not only boosted trade but also strengthened Egypt's political ties with other regions. This economic prosperity allowed Hatshepsut to fund extensive building projects and maintain stability within Egypt.
• Evaluate the impact of Hatshepsut’s architectural contributions on the cultural landscape of ancient Egypt.
  • Hatshepsut’s architectural contributions had a profound impact on ancient Egyptian culture by setting new standards for monumental construction and artistic expression. Her mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahari is not just an architectural marvel but also serves as a testament to her reign's wealth and stability. The reliefs depicting her achievements contributed to royal propaganda that reinforced her legitimacy. Even after attempts to erase her from history, her architectural legacy continues to be celebrated today as a key symbol of ancient Egyptian civilization.

Related terms

Deir el-Bahari: The site of Hatshepsut's mortuary temple, renowned for its unique architectural design and significant reliefs depicting her achievements.

Thutmose III: Hatshepsut's stepson and successor, who is often regarded as one of Egypt's greatest pharaohs, known for his military campaigns and expansionist policies.

New Kingdom: The period in ancient Egyptian history characterized by the emergence of powerful pharaohs, extensive building projects, and a focus on international trade.