key term - Nanjing Massacre

Definition

The Nanjing Massacre, also known as the Rape of Nanking, refers to a period of extreme violence and atrocities committed by Japanese troops against the residents of Nanjing, China, during the Second Sino-Japanese War from December 1937 to January 1938. This brutal event is marked by mass executions, widespread sexual violence, and other horrific acts, leading to a profound impact on both Chinese society and the broader political landscape of China during and after the war.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. During the Nanjing Massacre, it is estimated that between 200,000 to 300,000 Chinese civilians and disarmed soldiers were killed.
2. Japanese soldiers engaged in systematic sexual violence against women during the massacre, with reports suggesting tens of thousands of women were raped.
3. The Nanjing Massacre left a lasting scar on Sino-Japanese relations, creating deep-rooted animosities that continue to affect diplomatic ties today.
4. The event has been widely documented by foreign eyewitnesses, including Western missionaries and journalists who were present in Nanjing at the time.
5. In response to international condemnation, Japan has often been criticized for its refusal to fully acknowledge or apologize for the atrocities committed during the massacre.

Review Questions

• What were the main events that characterized the Nanjing Massacre and how did they reflect the larger context of the Second Sino-Japanese War?
  • The Nanjing Massacre was characterized by horrific events including mass executions, rampant sexual violence, and widespread looting. These atrocities reflected the brutality of Japanese military tactics during the Second Sino-Japanese War, where total war strategies were employed against civilians to demoralize Chinese resistance. The actions taken by Japanese troops during this period demonstrated not only a disregard for human life but also aimed at establishing dominance over China.
• Analyze how the Nanjing Massacre impacted Chinese society during the Second Sino-Japanese War and its aftermath.
  • The Nanjing Massacre had a profound impact on Chinese society, as it fostered a strong sense of nationalism and unity among Chinese people against Japanese aggression. The psychological scars from the massacre led to increased anti-Japanese sentiment and motivated many to join resistance efforts. Additionally, it highlighted the need for international support and intervention in China’s struggle against imperialism, influencing future political movements and shaping post-war policies.
• Evaluate the long-term effects of the Nanjing Massacre on Sino-Japanese relations and international perspectives on war crimes.
  • The long-term effects of the Nanjing Massacre have significantly strained Sino-Japanese relations, creating a complex web of historical grievances that continue to influence diplomatic interactions today. While Japan's failure to fully acknowledge or apologize for its wartime actions has been a point of contention, it also spurred discussions on accountability for war crimes globally. This event has become a key case study in understanding how historical memory shapes national identity and international relations in post-war contexts.

Related terms

Second Sino-Japanese War:

A major conflict that began in 1937 between China and Japan, characterized by significant military engagements and widespread atrocities.

Japanese Imperialism: The policy of extending Japan's power and influence through military conquest and colonization, particularly in East Asia during the early 20th century.

War Crimes: Violations of the laws and customs of war, including acts such as genocide, torture, and the killing of hostages, for which individuals can be held accountable under international law.