A performance obligation is a promise in a contract with a customer to transfer a distinct good or service to the customer. It is a key concept in revenue recognition, as revenue is recognized when a company satisfies a performance obligation by transferring a promised good or service to a customer.
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Performance obligations can be satisfied at a point in time, such as when a product is delivered, or over time, such as for a long-term service contract.
The transaction price for a contract is allocated to each distinct performance obligation based on their relative standalone selling prices.
Revenue is recognized as each performance obligation is satisfied, which may involve measuring progress toward complete satisfaction of the obligation.
Unsatisfied performance obligations at the end of an accounting period are recorded as contract liabilities on the balance sheet.
Identifying and properly accounting for performance obligations is crucial for accurately reporting a company's revenue and financial position.
Review Questions
Explain how the concept of performance obligations relates to the revenue recognition principle.
The revenue recognition principle states that revenue should be recorded when it is earned, rather than when cash is received. Performance obligations are the key to applying this principle, as revenue can only be recognized when a company has satisfied a promise to transfer a distinct good or service to a customer. The timing of revenue recognition is directly tied to the satisfaction of these performance obligations, whether at a point in time or over a period of time.
Describe how revenue recognition principles are applied to long-term projects.
For long-term projects that span multiple accounting periods, revenue cannot be fully recognized upfront. Instead, the transaction price must be allocated to the various performance obligations identified in the contract, and revenue is recognized as each obligation is satisfied over time. This may involve measuring progress toward complete satisfaction, such as the percentage of costs incurred or the number of units produced. Properly accounting for performance obligations is crucial to ensure accurate revenue recognition for long-term projects.
Analyze how unsatisfied performance obligations are reported as current liabilities on the balance sheet.
When a company has received payment from a customer but has not yet satisfied the related performance obligations, this represents a contract liability that must be reported on the balance sheet. These unsatisfied performance obligations are essentially a current liability, as the company has an obligation to the customer that it must fulfill within the normal operating cycle. Proper identification and classification of these contract liabilities is essential for accurately depicting a company's financial position and obligations to customers.
The accounting principle that states revenue should be recognized when it is earned, rather than when cash is received. It is closely tied to the concept of performance obligations.
Long-Term Project: A project that takes an extended period of time to complete, often spanning multiple accounting periods. Revenue recognition for long-term projects is dependent on satisfying performance obligations over time.
Obligations that are expected to be paid within one year or the normal operating cycle of a business. Unearned revenue from unsatisfied performance obligations may be recorded as a current liability.