Dendrite

Definition

Dendrites are branched extensions of neurons that receive signals from other neurons. They play a crucial role in the communication within the nervous system by transmitting electrical impulses toward the cell body, integrating information from multiple sources. The structure and number of dendrites can influence a neuron's ability to process information and form connections.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Dendrites increase the surface area of neurons, allowing them to make connections with multiple other neurons.
2. The shape and branching pattern of dendrites can change in response to learning and experience, a process known as synaptic plasticity.
3. Dendrites contain receptors that bind neurotransmitters released from presynaptic neurons, initiating an electrical signal.
4. Some types of neurons have specialized dendritic structures, such as spines, which can enhance synaptic strength and signal processing.
5. Dendritic dysfunction is associated with various neurological disorders, highlighting their importance in normal brain function.

Review Questions

• How do dendrites contribute to the overall function of neurons in the nervous system?
  • Dendrites are essential for the functioning of neurons as they receive incoming signals from other neurons. This reception allows neurons to integrate various inputs, which is crucial for decision-making processes within neural networks. The more dendritic branches a neuron has, the more information it can collect, ultimately influencing how it responds to stimuli.
• Discuss how changes in dendritic structure might relate to learning and memory.
  • Changes in dendritic structure are linked to learning and memory through a phenomenon known as synaptic plasticity. When learning occurs, dendrites can grow new branches or spines, which enhances the ability of neurons to connect and communicate with each other. This remodeling facilitates stronger synaptic connections, making it easier for information to be stored and recalled later.
• Evaluate the implications of dendritic dysfunction in neurological disorders and its impact on neural communication.
  • Dendritic dysfunction can have severe implications for neural communication and overall brain health. In disorders such as schizophrenia or autism, altered dendritic structures may lead to impaired synaptic connections, resulting in disruptions in information processing. This can affect cognitive functions such as memory and attention, highlighting the critical role that healthy dendrites play in maintaining normal neural function.

Related terms

Neuron: A specialized cell that transmits nerve impulses, serving as the basic unit of the nervous system.

Axon: A long, slender projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons or muscles.

Synapse:

The junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released, allowing for communication between cells.