key term - Cicero

Definition

Cicero was a prominent Roman statesman, orator, and philosopher who lived from 106 BC to 43 BC. He is often regarded as one of the greatest speakers and writers in Latin literature, and his works have influenced the development of the Latin language and Roman political thought. His contributions extend to various realms including rhetoric, ethics, and governance, making him a significant figure in both the Roman Empire's cultural legacy and the everyday life of its citizens.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Cicero is known for his works on rhetoric and philosophy, such as 'De Oratore' and 'Tusculan Disputations', which explore the nature of effective communication and ethical reasoning.
2. He played a critical role in the political landscape of the late Roman Republic, famously opposing the conspiracy of Catiline in 63 BC through his speeches.
3. Cicero's writings helped establish a standard for Latin prose that would influence European literature for centuries.
4. His correspondence with other prominent figures of his time offers valuable insights into the politics and culture of Rome during the Republic.
5. Cicero's ideas about justice, law, and governance are foundational to Western political thought and remain relevant in modern discussions about democracy.

Review Questions

• How did Cicero's oratory skills impact his political career and the events of the Roman Republic?
  • Cicero's exceptional oratory skills were pivotal in shaping his political career. He effectively used speeches to rally support against threats like the Catilinarian Conspiracy, showcasing his ability to influence public opinion. His speeches not only established him as a leading figure in the Senate but also demonstrated the power of rhetoric in political discourse during a tumultuous time in the Roman Republic.
• In what ways did Cicero's philosophical writings contribute to Roman intellectual life and later Western thought?
  • Cicero's philosophical writings blended Greek philosophy with Roman values, making complex ideas more accessible to a Roman audience. His works on ethics, justice, and the ideal state influenced not only contemporary thinkers but also later scholars during the Renaissance and beyond. By emphasizing the importance of reason and moral duty, Cicero laid a foundation for discussions around law and governance that are still relevant today.
• Evaluate Cicero's legacy in terms of its influence on both the Roman Empire's political structure and modern democratic principles.
  • Cicero's legacy is profound as he shaped both the political structure of the Roman Empire and modern democratic principles. His advocacy for republicanism and legal frameworks emphasized civic responsibility and moral governance, inspiring future political theorists. Moreover, his writings on law have been foundational in forming modern legal systems, demonstrating how his thoughts on ethics and governance continue to resonate within contemporary discussions about democracy and justice.

Related terms

Oratory: The art of public speaking, especially in a formal and eloquent manner, which was highly valued in Roman society.

Philosophy: A discipline that explores fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values, reason, and ethics, which Cicero engaged with significantly.

Senate:

The governing body of the Roman Republic composed of patricians and later plebeians, where Cicero served and exerted considerable influence.