Soil degradation

Definition

Soil degradation refers to the decline in soil quality and productivity due to various factors, including erosion, contamination, and nutrient depletion. This process can significantly impact terrestrial ecosystems by reducing the soil's ability to support plant life, disrupt water cycles, and diminish overall biodiversity. Ultimately, soil degradation poses a threat to food security and environmental sustainability.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Soil degradation can be caused by both natural processes, like erosion due to wind or water, and human activities such as deforestation, overgrazing, and unsustainable farming practices.
2. Contaminated soil can lead to significant declines in agricultural productivity and can also harm local flora and fauna by disrupting their habitats.
3. The effects of soil degradation can include decreased water retention capacity, leading to increased flooding or drought conditions in affected areas.
4. Restoration of degraded soils is possible through techniques like reforestation, cover cropping, and organic farming practices that enhance soil health.
5. Soil degradation contributes to climate change by releasing stored carbon into the atmosphere when organic matter is lost from the soil.

Review Questions

• How does soil degradation impact terrestrial ecosystems and what are some specific examples of these impacts?
  • Soil degradation significantly affects terrestrial ecosystems by reducing soil fertility, which in turn lowers plant productivity. For example, nutrient depletion can lead to poor crop yields, affecting food availability for herbivores and consequently impacting the entire food chain. Additionally, erosion can strip away topsoil, further reducing habitat for microorganisms and small animals that contribute to ecosystem health.
• Discuss the relationship between soil contamination and soil degradation. How does one contribute to the other?
  • Soil contamination can lead to soil degradation by introducing harmful chemicals that disrupt microbial communities and deplete essential nutrients. Contaminants can alter the physical properties of the soil, reducing its ability to retain water and support plant life. As a result, contaminated soils may become degraded over time as natural processes are hindered, leading to decreased productivity and biodiversity.
• Evaluate the effectiveness of restoration techniques for combating soil degradation. What factors influence their success?
  • Restoration techniques such as reforestation, cover cropping, and organic farming have shown effectiveness in combating soil degradation by improving soil structure, enhancing nutrient availability, and promoting biodiversity. The success of these techniques is influenced by several factors including local climate conditions, existing soil health, community involvement in restoration efforts, and ongoing management practices. Properly implemented restoration strategies can revitalize degraded soils and contribute to sustainable agricultural practices.

Related terms

Erosion: The process by which soil and rock are removed from the Earth's surface by wind or water flow and transported to another location.

Nutrient depletion: The loss of essential nutrients in the soil, often caused by continuous cropping or improper agricultural practices, leading to reduced soil fertility.

Soil contamination: The presence of hazardous substances in the soil that can adversely affect the environment, human health, and the functioning of ecosystems.