Strain Theory

Definition

Strain theory is a sociological perspective that explains how individuals may engage in deviant behavior when they experience a disconnection between societal goals and the means available to achieve those goals. This theory highlights how societal pressures can lead individuals, especially those from disadvantaged backgrounds, to resort to crime as a way to cope with their frustrations and unmet aspirations.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Strain theory was developed by sociologist Robert Merton, who suggested that when people cannot achieve culturally approved goals through legitimate means, they may turn to crime as an alternative.
2. The theory emphasizes the role of socioeconomic status, suggesting that individuals from lower-income backgrounds are more likely to experience strain and, consequently, criminal behavior.
3. Merton identified five modes of individual adaptation in response to strain: conformity, innovation, ritualism, retreatism, and rebellion, highlighting different ways people cope with societal pressures.
4. Strain theory connects closely with other theories like labeling theory, as the response to strain can lead to being labeled as deviant, which may further perpetuate criminal behavior.
5. Research shows that communities with higher levels of poverty and social disorganization are more susceptible to crime due to the greater prevalence of strain among their residents.

Review Questions

• How does strain theory explain the relationship between societal pressures and criminal behavior?
  • Strain theory posits that when individuals face pressures from society—such as the inability to achieve economic success or social status—they may resort to crime as a coping mechanism. This perspective highlights that the gap between societal goals and the legitimate means available to reach them can create frustration and lead people to engage in deviant acts. The theory particularly emphasizes that those from disadvantaged backgrounds are at a higher risk of experiencing such strains.
• Discuss how strain theory relates to childhood experiences and delinquency.
  • Childhood experiences significantly shape an individual's response to strain according to strain theory. Children who grow up in impoverished or unstable environments may be exposed to systemic barriers that limit their access to resources needed for success. This early exposure can create feelings of frustration and hopelessness, potentially leading them toward delinquent behaviors as they seek alternative means to fulfill their desires or escape their circumstances.
• Evaluate the impact of social inequality on crime rates through the lens of strain theory.
  • Strain theory suggests that social inequality plays a crucial role in influencing crime rates. As economic disparities widen and marginalized communities face increased barriers to achieving cultural goals, feelings of relative deprivation can intensify. This sense of injustice may drive individuals toward criminal activities as a means of coping with their strained circumstances. Furthermore, systemic social inequalities can perpetuate cycles of poverty and crime, reinforcing the patterns described by strain theory across generations.

Related terms

Anomie:

A state of normlessness in society where individuals feel disconnected from the values and norms that guide their behavior, often leading to increased deviance.

Social Strain: The stress and pressure individuals experience when they are unable to achieve socially accepted goals due to structural barriers, often contributing to criminal behavior.

Cultural Goals: The aspirations or objectives that society promotes as valuable, which can create pressure for individuals to succeed, even if they lack legitimate means to do so.