Richard II

Definition

Richard II was the King of England from 1377 until he was deposed in 1399. His reign is marked by political instability, social unrest, and the early stages of the decline of feudalism, which significantly influenced the social, political, and cultural landscape of medieval England. Richard's rule and eventual downfall are also crucial in understanding Chaucer's political connections and the reflection of contemporary politics in his literary works.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Richard II became king at the age of ten after the death of his grandfather, Edward III, and his reign saw significant turmoil due to his youth and inexperience.
2. The Peasants' Revolt in 1381 directly challenged Richard's authority, as he faced discontent over high taxes and oppressive laws, illustrating the growing class tensions during his reign.
3. Richard II’s belief in the Divine Right of Kings led him to make decisions that alienated both the nobility and common people, contributing to his eventual downfall.
4. In 1399, Richard was deposed by Henry Bolingbroke (later Henry IV) during a power struggle that marked a critical turning point in English monarchy.
5. Chaucer's works often reflect the political atmosphere of Richard II's reign, showcasing themes of social justice and critique of authority that resonate with the king's turbulent governance.

Review Questions

• How did Richard II’s early reign contribute to political instability in England?
  • Richard II ascended to the throne at a young age, which led to political instability due to his lack of experience. The power struggles between various factions, including nobles who sought to control him, created a volatile environment. Additionally, his inability to effectively address issues like taxation and social unrest fueled discontent, exemplified by events like the Peasants' Revolt in 1381.
• Discuss the role of Richard II's beliefs in the Divine Right of Kings and how they affected his relationships with nobility.
  • Richard II firmly believed in the Divine Right of Kings, viewing himself as chosen by God to rule without question. This belief alienated many nobles who felt disregarded as he made unilateral decisions that threatened their power. His insistence on absolute authority led to increasing resentment among the aristocracy, contributing to plots against him and ultimately paving the way for his deposition.
• Evaluate how Chaucer’s works reflect the political climate during Richard II's reign and what implications this had for understanding contemporary society.
  • Chaucer's literature often mirrored the complex political landscape of Richard II's England by addressing themes such as social inequality, justice, and authority. His works provide insight into public sentiment during a time marked by upheaval and dissatisfaction with leadership. By critiquing societal norms and injustices through satire and characterizations, Chaucer not only reflected contemporary issues but also influenced public discourse about governance and social order, revealing deep-seated tensions that would shape future English history.

Related terms

Peasants' Revolt: A major uprising in 1381 against the socio-economic and political injustices faced by the peasantry in England, largely influenced by Richard II's policies.

Lancaster: The House of Lancaster was a branch of the royal family that emerged as a rival to Richard II, eventually leading to his deposition and the rise of Henry IV.

Divine Right of Kings: The doctrine that kings derive their authority from God, which Richard II strongly believed in and used to justify his absolute rule.