key term - Oxidative Decarboxylation

Definition

Oxidative decarboxylation is a biochemical process that involves the removal of a carboxyl group from a molecule as carbon dioxide, coupled with the oxidation of the remaining molecule, leading to the production of reduced cofactors like NADH or FADH2. This process plays a crucial role in cellular respiration, particularly in converting pyruvate into acetyl-CoA after glycolysis, facilitating the entry into the citric acid cycle.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Oxidative decarboxylation occurs in the mitochondria, specifically within the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, where pyruvate is transformed into acetyl-CoA.
2. This reaction not only releases carbon dioxide but also generates NADH, which is crucial for ATP production in subsequent steps of cellular respiration.
3. The process is irreversible and tightly regulated, ensuring that pyruvate is efficiently converted into acetyl-CoA when energy demands are high.
4. In addition to pyruvate, oxidative decarboxylation can also apply to other substrates such as alpha-ketoglutarate and branched-chain amino acids during their catabolism.
5. Defects in enzymes involved in oxidative decarboxylation can lead to metabolic disorders, emphasizing its importance in maintaining proper metabolic function.

Review Questions

• How does oxidative decarboxylation link glycolysis to the citric acid cycle?
  • Oxidative decarboxylation connects glycolysis to the citric acid cycle by converting pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, into acetyl-CoA. This conversion occurs in the mitochondria and involves the removal of a carbon atom from pyruvate as carbon dioxide while reducing NAD+ to NADH. Acetyl-CoA then enters the citric acid cycle, where it contributes to further energy production through a series of reactions.
• What are the key products formed during oxidative decarboxylation and their roles in cellular metabolism?
  • During oxidative decarboxylation, two key products are formed: carbon dioxide and NADH. Carbon dioxide is released as a waste product, while NADH acts as an important electron carrier that feeds into the electron transport chain. The generation of NADH during this process is critical for ATP production in later stages of cellular respiration, illustrating its significance in overall energy metabolism.
• Evaluate the impact of oxidative decarboxylation on overall energy production within a cell and its implications for metabolic disorders.
  • Oxidative decarboxylation significantly impacts overall energy production within a cell by facilitating the transition from glycolysis to the citric acid cycle through the generation of acetyl-CoA and NADH. This step ensures that cells can efficiently harness energy from glucose and other nutrients. Impairments in this process can lead to metabolic disorders, as seen in conditions like pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency, resulting in insufficient ATP production and a buildup of metabolites that can disrupt cellular functions. Understanding this pathway highlights its importance for maintaining metabolic homeostasis.

Related terms

Pyruvate: Pyruvate is a key intermediate in cellular metabolism, produced at the end of glycolysis, that can be further processed into acetyl-CoA or converted into lactate or ethanol under anaerobic conditions.

Acetyl-CoA:

Acetyl-CoA is a central metabolite that serves as a substrate for the citric acid cycle and is generated from the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate or from fatty acid oxidation.

NADH:

NADH is a reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide that acts as an electron carrier in cellular respiration, playing a vital role in energy production by transferring electrons to the electron transport chain.