Leviathan

Definition

Leviathan is a term that originates from the biblical sea monster, often used metaphorically to describe a powerful state or sovereign authority that wields absolute power over its subjects. In the context of political and religious writing during its period, it symbolizes the need for a strong central authority to maintain order and prevent chaos within society, reflecting the tumultuous nature of 17th-century England.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The term 'Leviathan' was popularized by Thomas Hobbes in his 1651 book, where he argues that human beings are naturally in a state of conflict without a strong central authority.
2. Hobbes believed that individuals must surrender some of their freedoms to a sovereign power to achieve peace and security, hence forming the basis of his social contract theory.
3. The Leviathan symbolizes not just a monstrous creature but also represents the collective power of the people, who are bound together under a sovereign for their mutual safety.
4. Hobbes' views were influenced by the English Civil War, which highlighted the dangers of political instability and the necessity of a strong government.
5. The book 'Leviathan' has been highly influential in political philosophy, impacting various theories related to governance, sovereignty, and human nature.

Review Questions

• How does Hobbes' concept of Leviathan relate to the idea of social contract theory?
  • Hobbes' concept of Leviathan is deeply connected to social contract theory as it posits that individuals must collectively agree to surrender certain freedoms to a sovereign authority. This agreement aims to ensure peace and stability in a society that, without such governance, would descend into chaos and conflict. The Leviathan thus embodies the powerful authority necessary to enforce laws and protect citizens, showcasing Hobbes' belief in the need for an overarching power to maintain order.
• Analyze the implications of Hobbes' views on absolute monarchy as expressed through his work Leviathan.
  • In Leviathan, Hobbes advocates for absolute monarchy as the most effective form of governance. He argues that a strong, centralized ruler can prevent civil war and ensure societal stability by having ultimate authority over laws and decisions. This perspective reflects Hobbes' fear of anarchy and his belief that a single, powerful leader can best manage human conflict and ambition, positioning absolute monarchy as a necessary evil for peace.
• Evaluate how the historical context of the English Civil War influenced Hobbes' arguments in Leviathan regarding the necessity of a strong sovereign.
  • The English Civil War significantly shaped Hobbes' arguments in Leviathan by exposing him to the perils of political instability and societal breakdown. Witnessing firsthand the chaos and violence of this conflict led him to advocate for an unyielding sovereign authority that could impose order. Hobbes viewed the war as evidence that without such power, society would fall into disorder, thus reinforcing his belief that a strong government was essential for maintaining peace and preventing civil unrest in tumultuous times.

Related terms

Social Contract: A philosophical concept where individuals collectively agree to form a society and accept certain rules or governance in exchange for protection and order.

Absolute Monarchy: A political system where a single ruler has complete control over the government and is not bound by laws or constitution.

Thomas Hobbes:

An English philosopher best known for his work 'Leviathan,' where he argues for a strong central authority to prevent societal chaos.