Absalom and Achitophel is a satirical poem by John Dryden, published in 1681, that uses biblical characters to comment on the political turmoil of Restoration England. The poem reflects the conflicts between royalists and republicans during this period, drawing parallels between King David’s son Absalom’s rebellion and the contemporary struggles for power in England.
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The poem is structured as an allegory, with Absalom representing the Duke of Monmouth and Achitophel representing his advisor, the Earl of Shaftesbury, symbolizing political betrayal and manipulation.
Dryden’s work cleverly intertwines biblical history with contemporary events, making it relevant to his audience while using familiar figures to comment on political issues.
Absalom and Achitophel was written during a time of great instability in England as factions were fighting over power following Charles II's reign.
The poem is notable for its use of heroic couplets, a form that became popular during the Restoration period, showcasing Dryden's mastery of rhythm and meter.
This work is often considered one of the most significant poems of the Restoration period due to its sharp political commentary and influence on later satirical writing.
Review Questions
How does Dryden use biblical allegory in Absalom and Achitophel to reflect on the political climate of Restoration England?
Dryden employs biblical allegory by paralleling the story of Absalom's rebellion against King David with the contemporary political turmoil in England. Absalom represents figures like the Duke of Monmouth, while Achitophel symbolizes schemers like Shaftesbury. This connection allows Dryden to criticize the political ambitions and manipulations occurring in his time while using a familiar narrative that resonates with his audience.
Discuss how Dryden’s use of satire in Absalom and Achitophel serves to critique both royalists and republicans during the Restoration period.
In Absalom and Achitophel, Dryden employs satire to criticize both royalists and republicans by exposing their flaws and ambitions through humorous exaggeration. He portrays royalists as overly loyal yet flawed supporters of the crown, while republicans are shown as duplicitous manipulators seeking power for themselves. This balanced critique highlights the moral complexities within both factions, showing that neither side is without blame in their pursuit of authority.
Evaluate the lasting impact of Absalom and Achitophel on English literature and its significance within the context of Restoration satire.
Absalom and Achitophel has had a lasting impact on English literature by setting a high standard for satirical poetry. Its clever use of allegory and engagement with contemporary politics influenced later writers, who sought to blend literary artistry with social commentary. The poem's intricate structure and profound insights into human nature and politics have made it a classic example of Restoration satire, reflecting a critical moment in British history while inspiring future generations of writers to explore similar themes.
Related terms
Satire: A literary technique used to criticize or mock individuals, institutions, or society, often through humor, exaggeration, or irony.
The historical era in England following the monarchy's restoration in 1660, marked by significant political changes, cultural developments, and the return of Charles II.
Royalist: Supporters of the monarchy during the English Civil War and after the Restoration, advocating for the authority of the king and traditional governance.