Capital

Definition

In the context of ancient Greek architecture, 'capital' refers to the topmost part of a column, which serves to support the horizontal entablature above it. The design of the capital varies between architectural orders and plays a crucial role in defining the stylistic features of structures, particularly in temple architecture. It is an important element that not only provides structural support but also adds to the aesthetic appeal and symbolism of a building.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Capitals in the Doric order are typically simple and unadorned, reflecting the order's emphasis on strength and solidity.
2. In contrast, Ionic capitals are characterized by their scroll-like volutes, which add elegance and a sense of movement.
3. Corinthian capitals are more elaborate than both Doric and Ionic, featuring acanthus leaves and a more ornate design.
4. The design of capitals evolved over time, with refinements made during the Classical period to enhance their decorative qualities.
5. Capitals not only serve a structural purpose but also contribute to the overall harmony and proportions of Greek temples.

Review Questions

• How do the different designs of capitals reflect the characteristics of their respective architectural orders?
  • The designs of capitals are closely tied to the architectural orders they represent. For instance, Doric capitals are minimalistic and robust, reflecting the order's focus on strength. In contrast, Ionic capitals incorporate volutes that suggest grace and sophistication. Corinthian capitals take this further with intricate acanthus leaves that indicate luxury and detail. These variations illustrate how the style of a capital can convey not just functionality but also cultural values and aesthetics.
• Discuss how capitals contribute to the overall aesthetics and functionality of Greek temple architecture.
  • Capitals play a crucial role in both the aesthetics and functionality of Greek temple architecture. They provide essential structural support for the entablature while enhancing visual appeal through their distinctive designs. The harmony created by the proportions of capitals complements the overall structure, contributing to a sense of balance and beauty. Furthermore, as decorative elements, they help communicate cultural significance and artistic intent within the architectural style.
• Evaluate the impact of capital design evolution on ancient Greek architecture during the transition from Archaic to Classical styles.
  • The evolution of capital design significantly impacted ancient Greek architecture as it transitioned from Archaic to Classical styles. Early capitals were relatively simple and functional, but as artistry flourished during the Classical period, capitals became more elaborate and expressive. This shift allowed for greater emphasis on aesthetic detail and harmony within structures. The refinement in capital design mirrored broader cultural advancements in philosophy and art, showcasing how architectural elements can reflect societal values and changes over time.

Related terms

Entablature:

The horizontal structure supported by columns, consisting of the architrave, frieze, and cornice.

Column:

A vertical structural element that supports an entablature or roof, typically consisting of a base, shaft, and capital.

Order: A style of column and entablature design, with the three main orders being Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.