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European colonialism

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AP US History

Definition

European colonialism refers to the practice of European powers establishing control over foreign territories through settlement, economic exploitation, and governance from the late 15th century to the 20th century. This process often involved the subjugation of indigenous populations and the extraction of resources, which played a critical role in shaping global trade and geopolitics. It also set the stage for conflicts and territorial disputes, as seen during events like the Spanish-American War.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

  1. European colonialism was driven by the desire for new markets, raw materials, and strategic advantages, leading to the establishment of colonies in Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
  2. The Spanish-American War was influenced by colonialism as it marked a turning point where the United States emerged as an imperial power, acquiring territories like Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines.
  3. Colonialism often involved significant cultural exchanges, but it also resulted in widespread displacement, cultural erosion, and oppression of indigenous peoples.
  4. The legacy of European colonialism is still felt today through ongoing economic inequalities and political tensions in former colonies.
  5. Major European powers involved in colonialism included Spain, Britain, France, and Portugal, each leaving distinct marks on the regions they colonized through language, culture, and governance.

Review Questions

  • How did European colonialism contribute to the causes of the Spanish-American War?
    • European colonialism created competition among nations for overseas territories and resources. The United States sought to expand its influence in Latin America and the Caribbean, partly as a response to Spanish colonial rule in Cuba. The war was fueled by sentiments around liberation from colonial oppression as well as economic interests in protecting American investments in Cuba, ultimately leading to a conflict that reflected broader patterns of imperialism.
  • Evaluate how European colonial practices influenced U.S. foreign policy after the Spanish-American War.
    • After the Spanish-American War, U.S. foreign policy increasingly reflected imperialistic tendencies reminiscent of European colonial practices. The acquisition of territories like Puerto Rico and the Philippines marked a shift towards active involvement in global affairs. This expansion was justified under the guise of 'civilizing missions' or 'benevolent assimilation,' drawing parallels with earlier European justifications for colonialism while also sparking debates about American identity and responsibility.
  • Analyze the long-term impacts of European colonialism on contemporary global relations and conflicts.
    • The long-term impacts of European colonialism continue to shape contemporary global relations and conflicts through lingering economic disparities, political instability, and social tensions in former colonies. Many nations face challenges linked to their colonial pasts, such as ethnic divisions exacerbated by arbitrary borders drawn by colonizers. Additionally, the extraction of resources during colonial times has resulted in ongoing debates over reparations and resource control. Understanding these legacies is crucial for addressing current global challenges and fostering equitable international relations.
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