South America

Definition

South America is a continent located in the Western Hemisphere, primarily in the Southern Hemisphere, known for its diverse geography, cultures, and economies. During the period from 1750 to 1900, South America underwent significant transformations influenced by global economic development, including the rise of agricultural exports, mining, and the impacts of colonial legacies as nations sought independence and industrialization.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The discovery of precious metals like silver in countries such as Peru and Bolivia played a crucial role in boosting the colonial economies and fueling global trade.
2. During this time, many South American countries fought for independence from European powers, leading to the establishment of new nation-states and the redrawing of political boundaries.
3. The expansion of plantations for cash crops like sugar, coffee, and rubber significantly influenced the economy and labor systems in South America, often relying on enslaved African labor.
4. Infrastructure improvements, such as railroads and telegraph lines, were developed to facilitate trade and communication within South America and with international markets.
5. The influence of European countries extended beyond economics; cultural exchanges introduced new ideas that shaped national identities and social structures in South American societies.

Review Questions

• How did the agricultural practices in South America evolve during the global economic developments from 1750 to 1900?
  • Agricultural practices in South America evolved significantly due to increased demand for cash crops such as coffee, sugar, and rubber on the global market. This shift led to the expansion of plantations that required large amounts of labor, which often relied on enslaved Africans or indigenous peoples. The introduction of new farming techniques also improved productivity, further integrating South American economies into the global market.
• Discuss the impact of independence movements in South America on its economic structure during this period.
  • Independence movements in South America had a profound impact on its economic structure as newly established nations sought to redefine their roles in global trade. The end of colonial rule allowed these countries to pursue economic policies that favored local industries and agriculture. However, many faced challenges related to political instability and reliance on exports of raw materials, which created a dependency on international markets and foreign investment.
• Evaluate how global economic trends from 1750 to 1900 influenced social hierarchies and class structures in South America.
  • Global economic trends during this period greatly influenced social hierarchies and class structures in South America. The rise of export economies led to the emergence of a wealthy elite who profited from agriculture and mining, while many indigenous peoples and former slaves remained marginalized. This economic disparity contributed to social tensions, as wealth became concentrated among a small group, exacerbating inequalities that affected access to education, land ownership, and political power within these new nations.

Related terms

Mercantilism:

An economic theory that emphasizes the role of the state in managing trade and commerce to increase national wealth through a favorable balance of trade.

Agricultural Revolution:

A period of significant agricultural development that increased food production and led to changes in farming practices and land use.

Economic Imperialism:

A form of imperialism where a foreign power exerts control over a country's economy, often through investments or trade agreements, influencing local markets and policies.