A valid criticism refers to a legitimate objection or flaw in a theory, argument, or concept that is supported by logical reasoning and evidence. It highlights weaknesses or limitations that undermine the validity or reliability of the theory.
Sampling bias occurs when the sample used in research is not representative of the larger population, leading to inaccurate conclusions.
Observer Bias: Observer bias happens when an observer's expectations or preconceived notions influence their interpretation of events or behaviors they are observing.