In the context of psychology, a flaw refers to an imperfection or weakness in a theory or research study that may limit its validity or generalizability.
Bias refers to systematic errors or distortions in data collection or analysis that can influence results and conclusions.
Sampling Error: Sampling error is the difference between sample statistics and population parameters caused by random variation in selecting participants for a study.
Demand Characteristics: These are cues within an experiment that subtly guide participants towards certain responses, potentially influencing the results.