Assimilation:Assimilation occurs when we incorporate new information into our existing schema without changing the overall structure. For example, if someone sees a penguin for the first time but already has a schema for birds, they might assimilate penguins into their bird category.
Accommodation:Accommodation happens when we modify our existing schema or create new ones to accommodate new information that doesn't fit within our current understanding. Using the previous example, if someone encounters an ostrich (which does not fit their bird schema), they might create a separate category specifically for flightless birds like ostriches.
Equilibration: Equilibration is the process by which individuals balance assimilation and accommodation to maintain cognitive harmony. It involves adjusting schemas when necessary while also preserving consistency and coherence in our thinking. In other words, it's finding the right balance between fitting new information into existing schemas and modifying those schemas when necessary.