Counterarguments are opposing viewpoints or arguments that challenge a specific theory or idea. They provide an alternative perspective and highlight potential flaws or weaknesses in the original argument.
A critique involves analyzing and evaluating a theory's strengths and weaknesses.
Alternative explanations: Alternative explanations propose different reasons or causes for a particular phenomenon, challenging the original theory.
Confounding variables: Confounding variables are factors that may influence the relationship between two variables, potentially affecting the accuracy of a theory's conclusions.