Electromagnetic Radiation:Electromagnetic radiation refers to energy waves that travel through space carrying both electric and magnetic fields. Examples include radio waves, microwaves, visible light, X-rays, and gamma rays.
Conductivity: Conductivity is a measure of how well a material allows electric charges to flow through it. Materials with high conductivity (e.g., metals) are good conductors, while materials with low conductivity (e.g., rubber) are insulators.
Gauss's Law:Gauss's Law relates electric fields to enclosed charges by stating that the total electric flux passing through any closed surface is equal to the net charge enclosed divided by ε₀ (epsilon naught), which represents vacuum permittivity.