The angle of incidence is the angle between an incoming ray of light or other electromagnetic wave and a line perpendicular to the surface it strikes. It describes how the wave approaches the boundary or interface between two different mediums.
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The angle of refraction is the angle between a refracted ray and a line perpendicular to the surface it enters. It occurs when light passes from one medium into another, causing its direction to change.
A normal line is an imaginary line that is perpendicular (at 90 degrees) to a surface at any given point. It helps determine angles in relation to surfaces.