Naturalism

Definition

Naturalism is a philosophical viewpoint and artistic movement that emphasizes the depiction of reality based on observation and the belief that everything arises from natural properties and causes. It seeks to portray subjects as they are, often focusing on the effects of environment and heredity on individuals, thereby connecting to broader themes such as human experience and the natural world.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Naturalism emerged during the late 19th century as a response to realism, incorporating scientific principles and emphasizing the influence of environment and biology on human behavior.
2. In literature, authors like Émile Zola exemplified naturalism by focusing on the gritty realities of life and examining how social conditions affect individuals.
3. Naturalist artists aimed to depict scenes from everyday life with a focus on accuracy and detail, using techniques that captured the true essence of their subjects.
4. The movement was influenced by developments in science, particularly Darwin's theory of evolution, which suggested that human behavior is shaped by natural laws rather than free will.
5. In the realm of philosophy, naturalism rejects supernatural explanations for phenomena and posits that everything can be understood through observation and reason.

Review Questions

• How did naturalism differ from earlier artistic movements like romanticism?
  • Naturalism differed from romanticism in its emphasis on realism and scientific observation rather than idealized or emotional portrayals of life. While romanticism focused on individual emotion, imagination, and often supernatural elements, naturalism sought to depict life as it truly was, highlighting the impact of environment and heredity. This shift represented a move towards a more objective understanding of human experiences.
• Discuss the role of scientific advancements in shaping naturalistic thought during the late 19th century.
  • Scientific advancements played a crucial role in shaping naturalistic thought by providing a framework for understanding human behavior and societal conditions. The rise of Darwinian theories of evolution emphasized biological determinism, suggesting that heredity significantly influences individual traits and behaviors. This scientific lens allowed naturalist writers and artists to explore themes of determinism in their work, presenting characters shaped by their environments rather than acting solely on free will.
• Evaluate the impact of naturalism on modern literature and art, considering its lasting influence in contemporary culture.
  • Naturalism has had a lasting impact on modern literature and art by establishing a foundation for realistic representation that persists today. Its focus on social issues and character development based on environmental influences can be seen in contemporary works that tackle complex human experiences. Additionally, the emphasis on observation and evidence in storytelling continues to inspire writers and artists, leading to narratives that reflect reality while addressing themes of social justice, identity, and human nature.

Related terms

Realism:

A movement in art and literature that aimed to represent subjects truthfully, without artificiality or romanticizing, closely related to naturalism but with a focus on everyday life.

Impressionism:

An artistic movement that sought to capture moments in time through light and color, emphasizing perception and experience rather than detailed realism.

Determinism: The philosophical concept that all events, including human actions, are determined by previously existing causes, often explored in naturalistic literature.