1648-1815

Definition

The period from 1648 to 1815 marks a transformative era in European history, encompassing significant political, social, and economic changes that laid the groundwork for the modern state system and the rise of capitalism. This timeframe begins with the Peace of Westphalia, which ended the Thirty Years' War and introduced concepts of state sovereignty and international relations, and concludes with the Congress of Vienna, which aimed to restore order in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. Throughout this period, shifts in economic practices, such as mercantilism evolving into early capitalism, played a crucial role in shaping European society and its global interactions.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 ended the Thirty Years' War and is often credited with establishing the principles of state sovereignty and non-interference in domestic affairs.
2. Mercantilist policies dominated European economies during this time, focusing on accumulating wealth through trade and colonial expansion.
3. The period saw significant changes in agricultural practices due to innovations and increased production, which supported population growth.
4. The emergence of joint-stock companies during this era facilitated investment in overseas ventures and laid the groundwork for modern business practices.
5. By the end of this timeframe, the groundwork for the Industrial Revolution was being established, setting the stage for profound economic transformations in Europe.

Review Questions

• How did the Peace of Westphalia influence economic practices in Europe between 1648 and 1815?
  • The Peace of Westphalia established principles of state sovereignty that allowed nations to engage more freely in economic activities without outside interference. This political stability encouraged trade expansion, as countries sought to build wealth through mercantilist policies. As states focused on accumulating resources and wealth, they began to transition towards early capitalist practices, laying a foundation for future economic systems.
• What role did mercantilism play in shaping economic development from 1648 to 1815, and how did it evolve into early capitalism?
  • Mercantilism was central to economic development during this period as governments actively intervened in economies to control trade and accumulate wealth. The establishment of colonies for resource extraction and trade monopolies exemplified this approach. Over time, as trade routes expanded and joint-stock companies emerged, mercantilist practices began evolving into early capitalism, promoting private investment and competition.
• Evaluate how the events from 1648 to 1815 set the stage for the Industrial Revolution and its subsequent impact on European economies.
  • The events between 1648 and 1815 laid essential groundwork for the Industrial Revolution through advancements in agricultural production, which supported population growth and urbanization. Increased trade facilitated by mercantilism also spurred innovations in manufacturing techniques. By fostering a capitalist mindset among investors and entrepreneurs, this period created an environment ripe for technological advancements that would transform European economies and societies in the following decades.

Related terms

Mercantilism:

An economic theory that emphasizes government regulation of a nation's economy to enhance state power, prevalent in Europe before the rise of capitalism.

Capitalism:

An economic system characterized by private ownership of production and the pursuit of profit, which began to take shape during this era.

Industrial Revolution:

A period of major industrialization that began in the late 18th century, fundamentally changing economic practices and leading to urbanization and shifts in labor.