Instance variables are variables declared within a class but outside any method. They hold unique values for each instance (object) of the class and define the state or characteristics of an object.
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A constructor is a special method within a class that is automatically called when an object is created from that class. It initializes the object's state by assigning initial values to its instance variables.
Access modifiers determine the accessibility or visibility of classes, methods, and variables in object-oriented programming. They control which parts of a program can access certain elements and help enforce encapsulation and data hiding principles.