Phosphorylation:Phosphorylation is the process of adding a phosphate group to a molecule, usually proteins. It can modify protein structure and function, enabling signal transduction and regulation of cellular processes.
Protein Kinase Cascade: A protein kinase cascade refers to a series of kinases that sequentially phosphorylate each other and/or different target proteins within a signaling pathway. This amplifies the initial signal and allows for precise control over cellular responses.
Dephosphorylation: Dephosphorylation is the reverse process of phosphorylation. It involves removing a phosphate group from a molecule, often performed by enzymes called phosphatases. This deactivates target proteins in cell signaling pathways.