A base is a substance that can accept protons or donate a pair of valence electrons. In the context of biology, bases often refer to substances that can accept hydrogen ions and have a pH value greater than 7.
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Hydroxide Ion (OH-): This is an ion consisting of oxygen and hydrogen joined by a covalent bond, carrying a negative electric charge. It's produced by bases in aqueous solutions.
Alkalinity: This refers to the capacity of water to resist changes in pH that would make it more acidic. It's related to the presence of compounds such as bases in the solution.