Neuron

Definition

A neuron is a specialized cell in the nervous system that transmits information through electrical and chemical signals. These cells are fundamental to processing and transmitting information throughout the body, forming the basis of communication within the nervous system, which controls everything from muscle movement to sensory perception.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Neurons can be classified into three main types: sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons, each serving distinct functions in the nervous system.
2. Neurons communicate using action potentials, which are rapid changes in electrical charge that travel along the axon.
3. The myelin sheath is a fatty layer that insulates some axons, increasing the speed of electrical signal transmission.
4. Neurotransmitters are chemicals released at the synapse that transmit signals from one neuron to another or to target organs.
5. Neurons have an important role in reflex actions, where a stimulus triggers an immediate response without needing to involve the brain.

Review Questions

• How do dendrites and axons contribute to the overall function of a neuron?
  • Dendrites and axons are crucial components of a neuron that facilitate communication. Dendrites receive incoming signals from other neurons and conduct these messages toward the cell body, allowing for integration of information. The axon then transmits electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons or target tissues, effectively sending the processed information throughout the nervous system.
• What role do neurotransmitters play in neuron communication, and how do they affect synaptic transmission?
  • Neurotransmitters are essential for communication between neurons at the synapse. When an action potential reaches the end of an axon, it triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft. These chemicals bind to receptors on the post-synaptic neuron, either exciting or inhibiting its activity, thus determining whether a signal will be propagated. This process is vital for coordinating complex neural networks and responses.
• Evaluate how diseases affecting neurons can impact overall body function, using examples of specific conditions.
  • Diseases affecting neurons can have profound consequences on overall body function. For instance, in conditions like Alzheimer's disease, neuronal death disrupts communication pathways involved in memory and cognition. Similarly, multiple sclerosis damages myelin sheaths surrounding axons, slowing down signal transmission and leading to muscle weakness and coordination issues. These examples illustrate how neuronal health is critical for maintaining normal physiological functions and behavior.

Related terms

dendrites: Branch-like structures of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons and conduct them toward the cell body.

axon:

A long, slender projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body to other neurons or target tissues.

synapse: The junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released, allowing for communication between the cells.