key term - Villi

Definition

Villi are tiny, finger-like projections found on the inner surface of the small intestine that significantly increase its surface area. These structures are critical for the absorption of nutrients, as they provide a greater surface area for nutrient uptake and contain specialized cells that assist in this process. Their structure and function play a vital role in the overall digestion and absorption of food, highlighting their importance in both mechanical and chemical digestion.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Villi are about 0.5 to 1.5 mm long and are covered in even smaller projections called microvilli, which create a brush border effect.
2. Each villus contains a network of blood capillaries and lymphatic vessels (lacteals) to transport absorbed nutrients effectively.
3. The presence of villi is crucial for increasing the efficiency of nutrient absorption; without them, the absorptive surface area would be significantly reduced.
4. Villi have a high turnover rate; they are constantly being shed and replaced to maintain optimal function and health of the intestinal lining.
5. Diseases such as celiac disease can damage villi, leading to malabsorption issues and various nutritional deficiencies.

Review Questions

• How do villi contribute to the efficiency of nutrient absorption in the small intestine?
  • Villi enhance nutrient absorption by dramatically increasing the surface area of the small intestine. This increased surface area allows for more contact between the intestinal contents and absorptive cells. Additionally, each villus contains blood vessels that carry absorbed nutrients away, ensuring they enter the bloodstream quickly. The combination of their structure and presence makes them essential for effective nutrient uptake.
• Discuss the role of microvilli in relation to villi in the process of nutrient absorption.
  • Microvilli are even smaller projections found on the epithelial cells of each villus, forming what is known as a brush border. They further amplify the surface area available for absorption beyond what villi can provide alone. This additional surface area allows for a higher density of transport proteins and enzymes, which facilitates more efficient nutrient breakdown and absorption, enhancing overall digestive efficiency.
• Evaluate the impact of damaged villi on overall health and nutrition, citing potential diseases associated with this condition.
  • Damaged villi can severely impair nutrient absorption, leading to malnutrition and various health issues. Conditions like celiac disease can result in villous atrophy, where the villi are flattened or destroyed. This leads to decreased surface area for absorption, causing deficiencies in essential nutrients like vitamins and minerals. The resulting malabsorption can lead to symptoms such as weight loss, diarrhea, and fatigue, significantly impacting an individual's overall health.

Related terms

Microvilli: Microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that further increase the surface area of epithelial cells, enhancing nutrient absorption.

Intestinal Epithelium: The layer of cells lining the intestinal tract that facilitates nutrient absorption and acts as a barrier against pathogens.

Lacteals: Lymphatic capillaries located within the villi that absorb dietary fats and transport them into the lymphatic system.