Metabolism

Definition

Metabolism is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body that convert food into energy and other essential substances. This process not only involves breaking down nutrients for energy but also encompasses the synthesis of complex molecules needed for growth and maintenance. Understanding metabolism is crucial as it connects how nutrients affect health and disease through genetic factors, nutrient interactions, and the role of bioactive compounds.

5 Must Know Facts For Your Next Test

1. Metabolism is divided into two main types: catabolism, which breaks down nutrients to release energy, and anabolism, which uses energy to build and repair tissues.
2. Factors influencing metabolism include age, sex, muscle mass, physical activity level, and hormonal balance.
3. Nutrigenomics studies how food influences gene expression and can affect metabolism, while nutrigenetics looks at how individual genetic variations affect responses to nutrients.
4. Phytochemicals found in fruits and vegetables can impact metabolic pathways and have antioxidant properties that may support metabolic health.
5. Energy balance is determined by metabolism; when energy intake exceeds expenditure, it can lead to weight gain, while the opposite results in weight loss.

Review Questions

• How do catabolic and anabolic processes work together in metabolism to maintain homeostasis in the body?
  • Catabolic and anabolic processes are vital for maintaining homeostasis as they work in tandem. Catabolism breaks down food into smaller molecules, releasing energy that is then used in anabolism to build complex molecules like proteins and nucleic acids. This balance ensures that the body has enough energy for essential functions while also repairing and growing tissues as needed.
• Discuss how nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics can influence an individual's metabolism based on their dietary choices.
  • Nutrigenomics explores how specific dietary components can alter gene expression related to metabolic processes. For instance, certain nutrients may activate or suppress genes that play roles in fat storage or inflammation. Nutrigenetics looks at how an individual's genetic makeup can influence their response to various nutrients. Together, these fields highlight how personalized nutrition can optimize metabolism for improved health outcomes.
• Evaluate the impact of phytochemicals on metabolism and their potential role in chronic disease prevention.
  • Phytochemicals have been shown to positively influence metabolic pathways by enhancing insulin sensitivity and reducing inflammation, both of which are critical for preventing chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular conditions. These bioactive compounds can modulate enzymatic activity involved in metabolism, promoting better nutrient utilization. By incorporating a variety of fruits and vegetables rich in phytochemicals into the diet, individuals may improve their metabolic health and lower their risk of chronic diseases.

Related terms

Catabolism: The metabolic pathway that breaks down molecules into smaller units, releasing energy in the process.

Anabolism: The metabolic pathway that builds complex molecules from simpler ones, requiring energy input.

Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR): The number of calories required to maintain basic physiological functions at rest, reflecting the energy expenditure needed for metabolism.