❄️Earth Surface Processes Unit 2 – Weathering: Physical, Chemical & Biological

What's Weathering All About?

• Weathering involves the breakdown and alteration of rocks and minerals at or near Earth's surface
• Two main categories of weathering: physical (mechanical) and chemical
• Physical weathering breaks rocks into smaller pieces without changing their chemical composition
• Chemical weathering alters the chemical structure and mineral content of rocks
• Biological weathering, a subset of physical and chemical weathering, is caused by living organisms
• Weathering is a critical process in the rock cycle and plays a significant role in shaping Earth's surface
• Weathered materials contribute to soil formation, providing a foundation for ecosystems

Types of Weathering: The Big Three

• Physical weathering: mechanical breakdown of rocks into smaller fragments without altering chemical composition
  • Caused by physical forces such as temperature changes, frost action, and abrasion
• Chemical weathering: decomposition and alteration of rocks through chemical reactions
  • Involves processes like dissolution, oxidation, hydrolysis, and carbonation
• Biological weathering: weathering caused by the activities of living organisms
  • Includes the effects of plant roots, microbial activity, and organic acids produced by organisms
• Each type of weathering can occur simultaneously and often enhance one another
• The dominant type of weathering depends on factors such as climate, rock type, and surface exposure

Physical Weathering: Breaking It Down

• Physical weathering is driven by mechanical forces that break rocks into smaller pieces
• Frost wedging (ice wedging) occurs when water freezes and expands in rock cracks, widening the cracks
• Thermal expansion and contraction cause rocks to crack due to temperature changes (insolation weathering)
• Salt crystal growth in rock pores can cause salt weathering (haloclasty)
• Abrasion occurs when rocks and particles collide or are moved by wind, water, or ice (sandblasting, glacial scouring)
• Pressure release (unloading) can cause exfoliation and sheeting in rocks near the surface
• Plant roots can penetrate and widen cracks in rocks, contributing to physical weathering
• Physical weathering increases surface area, facilitating chemical weathering processes

Chemical Weathering: Nature's Chemistry Lab

• Chemical weathering involves the decomposition and alteration of rocks through chemical reactions
• Dissolution occurs when minerals dissolve in water, often aided by acidic conditions (limestone, gypsum)
• Hydrolysis is the reaction between minerals and water, leading to the formation of clays and other products
  • Feldspar minerals are particularly susceptible to hydrolysis, forming clay minerals
• Oxidation involves the reaction of minerals with oxygen, often resulting in the formation of oxides (rusting)
• Carbonation is the reaction between minerals and carbonic acid, formed when atmospheric CO2 dissolves in water
  • Carbonation is a key process in the weathering of limestone and other carbonate rocks
• Acidic conditions, such as those created by acid rain or organic acids, accelerate chemical weathering
• Chemical weathering rates are influenced by factors like temperature, moisture, and rock composition

Biological Weathering: Life's Impact on Rocks

• Biological weathering is caused by the activities of living organisms and their byproducts
• Plant roots can physically break rocks and secrete organic acids that chemically weather minerals
• Microbial activity in soils and on rock surfaces can produce acids and chelating agents that enhance weathering
• Lichens, a symbiotic relationship between fungi and algae, can chemically weather rocks through the production of organic acids
• Burrowing animals (earthworms, rodents) mix and aerate soil, exposing fresh rock surfaces to weathering
• Humans contribute to biological weathering through activities like agriculture, deforestation, and urbanization
• The presence of organic matter in soils can increase the rate of chemical weathering by providing acids and complexing agents
• Biological weathering is most pronounced in regions with abundant vegetation and high biological activity

Factors Influencing Weathering Rates

• Climate plays a significant role in weathering rates, with higher temperatures and moisture generally increasing weathering
  • Chemical weathering is more prevalent in warm, humid climates (tropical regions)
  • Physical weathering dominates in cold, dry climates (polar and arid regions)
• Rock type and mineral composition affect weathering susceptibility
  • Rocks with minerals unstable at surface conditions (feldspar, olivine) weather more quickly
• Surface area and exposure influence weathering rates, with larger surface areas and more exposure accelerating weathering
• Topography and slope affect weathering by controlling water flow and erosion
  • Steep slopes often have higher erosion rates and less weathering compared to gentle slopes
• Vegetation cover can either enhance or reduce weathering rates depending on the type of weathering and plant species involved
• Human activities (mining, construction, pollution) can significantly accelerate weathering rates in localized areas

Real-World Examples and Case Studies

• Karst landscapes (limestone regions) showcase the effects of chemical weathering through dissolution
  • Features like caves, sinkholes, and disappearing streams are common in karst areas
• Granite domes (Yosemite National Park) demonstrate the process of exfoliation and sheeting due to pressure release
• Desert varnish, a thin coating on rock surfaces in arid regions, is the result of both chemical and biological weathering
• Acid rain, caused by atmospheric pollution, accelerates chemical weathering of buildings and monuments (limestone, marble)
• Biological weathering by lichens and mosses is evident on rock surfaces in many ecosystems
• Weathering of volcanic ash and lava flows contributes to the formation of fertile soils (andisols)
• Serpentine soils, derived from the weathering of ultramafic rocks, host unique plant communities adapted to high metal content

Why Weathering Matters: Environmental and Geological Impacts

• Weathering is a crucial process in the formation and development of soils
  • Weathered rock fragments, clay minerals, and organic matter are essential soil components
• Weathering plays a role in nutrient cycling by releasing essential elements (potassium, calcium, magnesium) from rocks
• The products of weathering (sediments, dissolved ions) are transported and deposited, shaping landscapes and creating sedimentary rocks
• Weathering is a key factor in the global carbon cycle, as chemical weathering of silicate rocks consumes atmospheric CO2
• The rate and extent of weathering influence the distribution and diversity of ecosystems and habitats
• Understanding weathering processes is crucial for managing and mitigating geohazards (landslides, sinkholes)
• Weathering has implications for the durability and longevity of building materials and infrastructure
• Studying weathering patterns and rates helps reconstruct past climates and environments in Earth's history